Simulators | Characteristics | Validation | Efficacy |
ES3 | Stereoscopic display, haptic devices, voice recognition | Yes [29] | · RCTs · Significantly improved psychomotor, procedural and anatomical score |
VOXEL-MAN Sinus Surgery | Stereoscopic display, haptic devices | Yes [30] | · Not available |
Lapsim | Stereoscopic display, haptic devices | Yes [36] | · Not available |